Evolutionary Origin and Genetic Diversity of the Pannonian Ecotype of Apis mellifera carnica Colonies in Hungary Based on Mitochondrial DNA and Microsatellite Markers

Abstract

Honey bees are essential for both nature and agriculture. However, their genetic diversity may decline due to environmental and human influences. This study reveals the genetic background of the Pannonian bee, the only officially recognized bee breed in Hungary. Individuals that meet the breed standard were compared to those showing morphological disorders (yellow color of the abdomen). Additionally, we investigated Carniolan bees from two other European countries and other subspecies that may have hybridized with the Hungarian native bee in the past. Our results indicated that the Pannonian bee belongs to the C evolutionary lineage, which represents the North Mediterranean subspecies. They showed a low level of inbreeding with an appropriate level of genetic diversity, suggesting stable bee groups. Furthermore, bees with morphological defects are gradually becoming genetically distinct from the standard Pannonian bee and more similar to the Carniolan bees. These findings help to confirm the breed identification of the Pannonian bee and provide useful information for beekeeping and genetic conservation, ensuring the long-term sustainability of honey bee populations. Keywords: honey bee, morphological breed standard, mitochondrial DNA, microsatellite, genetic conservation