Smallpox in Greece: A Narrative Review

Abstract

Smallpox was a highly contagious viral disease that represented a major cause of mortality prior to its global eradication in 1980. This narrative review explores the epidemiological, historical, and public health dimensions of smallpox in Greece from the 18th to the 20th century. It analyzes documented outbreaks, demographic impacts, and the evolution of disease control measures. Emphasis is placed on Greek physician contributions to early inoculation practices, implementation of vaccination programs, and legislative frameworks including the 1835 mandatory vaccination decree. The progression from reactive epidemic management to systematic preventive strategies through state-coordinated vaccination programs is documented, contextualizing Greece's experience within broader European public health developments. The review highlights how smallpox control efforts in Greece shaped the development of modern public health infrastructure and contributed to the broader global eradication campaign. Keywords: epidemics, greece, history of medicine, public health, smallpox, vaccination, variola virus