DNA Analysis in Forensic Odontology: Applications, Challenges, and Comparative Effectiveness With Morphological Identification

Abstract

Forensic odontology has traditionally relied on the morphological comparison of dental structures for human identification because of the durability and uniqueness of teeth. However, the emergence of DNA-based techniques has significantly enhanced the scope and reliability of forensic investigations, particularly in situations involving decomposed, burned, or fragmented remains, where conventional methods are limited. This scoping review aims to evaluate the applications of DNA analysis in forensic odontology, compare its effectiveness with that of morphological methods, and highlight current challenges and future directions. A structured review of literature published between 2000 and 2025 was conducted across major scientific databases, focusing on studies involving DNA extraction from dental tissues, profiling techniques, and comparative identification outcomes. Evidence indicates that dental pulp and dentin serve as reliable sources of DNA, with high success rates, even under adverse conditions. Short tandem repeat profiling remains the gold standard for individual identification, whereas mitochondrial DNA and next-generation sequencing expand applicability in degraded samples. Morphological methods continue to offer advantages in terms of speed, cost, and minimal infrastructure requirements, particularly when ante-mortem dental records are available. In contrast, DNA analysis demonstrates superior performance in challenging forensic scenarios such as mass disasters and advanced decomposition. Despite its advantages, DNA analysis has limitations, including degradation, contamination risk, high cost, and the need for specialized laboratory facilities. The ethical and legal considerations related to the use of genetic data remain significant. Overall, an integrated approach that combines morphological and molecular methods is the most effective strategy for human identification. Advances in rapid DNA technologies, sequencing methods, and standardization protocols are expected to further strengthen the role of forensic odontology in modern medical practice.